Dogs are natural companions, often referred to as “man’s best friend,” as they are loyal, loving, and at your side as often as you allow them to be. Simply petting a dog can lower your blood pressure, releasing endorphins for both you and the dog. Almost any dog, when trained properly, can make a good therapy dog. However, certain breeds may be perfectly tailored to your situation. With regard to temperament, size, exercise needs, and coat, some breeds are naturally better suited for your particular lifestyle. Choosing a breed that already compliments your needs can help speed up the training process toward obtaining the therapy dog you need.

1. For Children

   Hospitalized children may get the best love from a Saint Bernard. These gentle giants love the companionship of children and are quite snuggly, weighing in at around 110 to 200 pounds when fully grown. They love protecting, and are obedient, patient breeds. A Saint Bernard will not snap at a child who tugs on its fur. In the 17th century, Saint Bernards were used as rescue dogs for those who had been trapped by avalanches in the Alpine Pass between Switzerland and Italy. That keen sense of smell and a desire to protect has not faded with time, and is a quality that you can trust around small children who may need a watchful eye.

2. For Homebodies

   A Pomeranian is the perfect breed for an elderly person who stays home often or anyone who works from home. They will provide companionship all day long and need relatively little exercise beyond the confines of your house or apartment. In fact, they thrive on human companionship. So long as you remain by their side, they will grant you endless love and loyalty. This toy-sized breed has a thick, fluffy coat and a round, teddy-bearish face. They are affectionate and eager; however, they do need to be kept in their place and know that they are not the pack leader. Marie Antoinette and Mozart both owned Pomeranians.

3. For Insomniacs

   Greyhounds have a quiet temperament that make them the perfect sleeping companion for those who have a restless time getting to sleep. They generally do not bark, are sensitive to harsh tones, and bond deeply with their human counterparts. Indoors, the Greyhound may even be considered lazy. The breed is tall and slender, known for its history of being used as a racing dog. Outdoors, the Greyhound will run after anything it deems as prey, and they can reach tremendous speeds — more than 40 miles per hour. However, this doesn’t negate the fact that, when it’s time for bed, the Greyhound will curl up for some serious, snore-free snoozing. They will look so comfortable that you’ll be lulled into an equally satisfying slumber.

4. For Arthritics

   For a person with limited mobility, including those with rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, a Bullmastiff is an excellent choice of dog breed. As one of the largest dog breeds, the Bullmastiff doesn’t need very much exercise — in fact, too much can be taxing on its giant heart. They are very gentle, despite their gruff appearance, and incredibly loyal to their owners. The Bullmastiff was originally bred as a guard dog, but was trained to pin down intruders without harming them. They are bulky and large, with black muzzles.

5. For Heart Disease

   If you’re suffering from high cholesterol, heart disease, or diabetes, you may benefit from a therapy dog with a love for long strolls in the park. The Airedale Terrier is the perfect choice for this scenario. They will motivate you to get the low-impact exercise you need, and you will never roam alone. A kind breed, the Airedale will be warm toward its owners and friends alike, but isn’t afraid to stand up for itself. Without time for play, the Airedale will become bored and anxious. Thus, when you’re being too lazy for him, he will let you know it’s time to go get some exercise with his persistence. The Airedale has a curly caramel-colored and black coat and lively eyes.

6. For the Blind

   Labrador Retrievers make excellent seeing-eye dogs, as they are both incredibly intelligent and non-aggressive. The lab also has a strong desire to please his master, a trait not common to all dogs. They are easy to train and retain new skills easily. They generally like all people, even strangers, as well as other animals. They have a soft mouth, meaning they will not bite down when retrieving duck and other game while hunting. This even, warm-hearted temperament makes them perfect guide dogs because they will take all people and situations in stride without spooking easily. The Labrador may be black, blonde, or brown with short, straight fur and a boxy build.

7. For the Allergy-Prone

   The Standard Poodle is the best breed for those that commonly suffer from allergies, as it’s curly coat is considered to be hypoallergenic. They shed little to no hair. The Poodle’s demeanor is noble, almost aristocratic, and good-natured. They need standard exercise of a daily walk and may become anxious without it, but otherwise just delight in being in the company of their human counterparts. They can be haughty if they feel their owner is meek and must come to know you as an authoritative source, but will shut down if disciplined too strongly. Although they are often referred to as a “French Poodle,” the Poodle more likely originated in Germany from the word “pudel,” meaning “one who plays in water.” The famous haircut sported by the Poodle provides insulation from the cold on the puffy joints, while the sleeker parts of the fur allow for ease in swimming.

Young Mind from a Healthy Body

Most people believe that the only way to maintain a sharp mind is by completing intellectual activities such as reading, solving problems or studying new information. However, studies show that physical exercise is actually highly effective in keeping the mind healthy along with the body. These studies reiterate the importance of physical activity in regards to the overall well-being of a person.

Exercise as a Trigger for Chemical Release

How exactly does exercise aid the brain? A 2011 study conducted by the Federal University of Santa Catarina in Brazil found that older rats that were sedentary showed signs of a reversal of memory impairment after a short exercise session. The exercise consisted of four to six minutes spent on a treadmill.

The memory of the rats was then tested using a maze and an activity that required the rat to remember information to avoid a negative response. After the brief exercise sessions, memory was proven to have been improved through these cognitive tests.

Even the small amount of exercise the previously sedentary rats engaged in during the studies triggered a chemical process in the brain. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was secreted in the brains of the rats after they had engaged in physical activity. BDNF is a protein in the brain that significantly influences memory, learning ability and the thought process.

A study conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles determined that the increase in cognitive ability influenced by exercise was specifically tied to BDNF synthesis and release in the brain.

How Much Exercise Is Enough?

Establishing that exercise is essential for brain health is certainly helpful, but determining the type and duration of exercise that can most benefit brain health is also important.

The Franklin Institute explains that walking is one of the best physical activities for brain health. A simple walk can increase blood flow to the brain, and studies have found a strong correlation between walking for exercise and maintaining good brain health. One study showed that elderly people improved their memory and ability to learn simply by taking a 20 minute walk every day. Additionally, the study group had a lower risk of stroke as compared to their sedentary counterparts.

A 2001 study conducted by the University of California at San Francisco concluded that older women who stayed active maintained more of their cognitive ability when compared to their less active counterparts. The study showed that the greatest decrease in the loss of cognitive ability was found in women who walked at least 113 blocks per week.

Because of the connection found between regular exercise and cognitive function, including at least 20 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week is recommended. A moderate physical activity can consist of any of the following:

• Riding a bike
• Swimming at a slow pace
• Walking briskly
• Jogging slowly
• Using an elliptical trainer
• Dancing
• Participating in team sports including baseball, softball and volleyball
• Digging and planting a garden

Although a person can break their exercise sessions up, a person must engage in moderate exercise for at least 10 consecutive minutes to enjoy the physical and mental benefits of exercise. Two exercise sessions of 10 minutes per day provide the most mental and physical benefits for a previously sedentary person.

The Precise Benefits of Exercise for Brain Health

There are a variety of benefits that exercise has in regards to brain health, and an improved memory and capacity for learning are not the limit of these benefits. In fact, a 2001 study conducted by the University of Wolverhampton in the United Kingdom concluded that regular physical exercise could improve mood even in those suffering from depression. The study found that a group of people in the study participating in regular exercise actually maintained a positive mood longer than those who took the anti-depressant Zoloft to regulate moods.

The study also indicated that participants who tried a combination of exercise and Zoloft did not have the same level of mood elevation as those who only exercised. The assumption of researchers is that the Zoloft actually dampened the positive effects of exercise in participants suffering from depression. The results of this study may be particularly useful for patients and therapists who would like to take a drug-free approach to treating depression. Instead of medication, regular exercise may be prescribed to a patient.

The increase in mood in participants in the study was found to be most significant in participants who had been diagnosed with depression before the study. Participants not identified as being depressed prior to the study had a less pronounced increase in mood.

Research involving older populations has shown that engaging in regular physical activity decreases the possibility of developing dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia is a debilitating disease that seriously impacts a person’s ability to function and connect with family members, friends and past acquaintances. Because dementia is not a reversible condition, starting an exercise regimen to help prevent this progressive cognitive impairment is important before any signs or symptoms of the disease are detected. Even after a person starts showing signs of dementia, regular exercise can help slow the progress of the disease.

Many people believe that physical exercise has only physical benefits, but it’s been proven that regular activity also keeps the brain healthy. Whether a forgetful person wants to get better at remembering names in a social situation or an aging person want to prevent the possibility of developing dementia, physical exercise in an effective means of improving brain function. Even 20 minutes of walking per day can drastically improve a person’s cognitive ability, and there are physical benefits to be enjoyed as well.

Can Inflammation Predict Heart Disease and Stroke?

Groundbreaking research may be able to help predict how likely it is that a person will have heart disease or a stroke in the future. Studies have linked inflammation to the risk of cardiovascular disease because of the association between the release of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and heart disease.

What is C-Reactive Protein (CRP)?

The National Institute of Health explains that CRP is a protein that is released when there is inflammation present in the body. The liver produces the protein and a blood test can be done to find out how much CRP is present in a person’s body.

What is inflammation?

John W. Kimball maintains a website describing in depth how inflammation develops in the body. Inflammation develops as a result of injury to the body. It can often be recognized by swelling and redness at the site of inflammation and may be accompanied by pain. Although inflammation often occurs on the surface of the skin, it can also occur internally.

While inflammation may develop at the site of an injury solely due to trauma, it can also appear as the result of an infection. The purpose of inflammation is to isolate the area that is affected by injury or infection and promote healing.

Inflammation is usually intended to heal the body, but some complications can cause chronic inflammation. One common cause of chronic inflammation is asthma. Similarly, allergies and some autoimmune diseases result in chronic inflammation.

How can CRP indicate an increased risk of heart disease?

The American Heart Association notes that there is research constantly being done concerning the link between heart disease and inflammation. At this point in time, studies have shown that inflammation occurs as a result of plaque in the arteries in the heart. The body is attempting to heal the areas that are affected by plaque buildup in the arteries, but sometimes the area with plaque buildup can rupture. When a rupture occurs, plaque comes into contact with the blood and clots can form. Two common causes of heart attack and stroke are plaque buildup and blood clots.

How are CRP levels in the body tested?

Testing for CRP levels in the body is done via a simple blood test. The patient does not have to do anything special to prepare for the blood test.

If the test indicates that there is an elevated level of CRP in the body, it will be assumed that there is inflammation present in the body. Unfortunately, the blood test is not able to locate the inflammation. Very high levels of CRP are typically associated with an increased risk of heart attack and stroke.

The patient may be advised to alter diet and lifestyle habits to lower the risk of heart disease. Anti-inflammatory medications can be prescribed to discover whether the inflammation can be controlled by medication. Because high cholesterol is often associated with the risk of heart disease, a physician may prescribe medication to lower cholesterol.

What kind of studies have been done concerning CRP and heart disease risk?

The Columbia University Medical Center and the Cardiovascular Research Foundation conducted a study that aimed to discover the exact correlation between CRP levels and heart disease.

The study found a strong link between high CRP levels and 30-day and 1-year mortality. The conclusion that was drawn as a result of the study was that CRP levels can be effectively used to determine a patient’s risk of 30-day and 1-year mortality. Depending on the severity of a patient’s condition, steps may be taken to prevent heart attack and stroke.

Can inflammation be prevented?

While inflammation may be controlled after it has already occurred in the body, the best way to lower the risk of heart disease caused by inflammation is to prevent the development of inflammation in the first place. Whole Living magazine outlines crucial steps you can take to avoid dealing with inflammation and the risk of heart disease in the future.

• Diet: Warding off inflammation starts by altering your diet. Most people do not get enough fiber on a daily basis, which can help reduce the risk of inflammation. Switching from simple carbohydrates to complex carbohydrates and adding fruits and vegetables to the diet will add fiber.
• Hydration: Staying hydrated is important, but be careful about beverage choices. Caffeine, sugar and artificial sweeteners do more harm than good. Stick to water for the most part, and choose green tea at least once per day for the antioxidants.
• Exercise: Staying active is likely the most effective way to avoid inflammation. Even fitting in a 20 minute walk four or five times a week can significantly reduce the risk of inflammation. Exercise also provides a variety of other physical and emotional benefits.
• Stress: Stress is harmful to the body in many ways, and inflammation may develop as a response to excessive amounts of stress. Taking time to unwind and engaging in personal hobbies are two ways that stress can be kept under control. While everyone experiences stress, it is important to a person’s overall health to learn how to manage daily stress.
• Sleep: The time a person spends sleeping is when the body works on healing itself. Missing out on crucial sleep keeps the body from repairing the immune system, which can lead to inflammation. Aim for at least seven hours of sleep per night to stay healthy.

Studies have shown that increased levels of CRP, a protein released when inflammation is present in the body, can indicate whether a person has a high risk of developing heart disease. Efforts to reduce inflammation in the body can significantly reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.

An ombudsman serves the public by reviewing and investigating complaints about a certain type of institution. One kind of ombudsman watches over long-term care facilities for the elderly, such as assisted living and nursing homes. In addition to handling specific complaints from the public, ombudsmen advocate on behalf of long-term care residents in general. More than 500 such ombudsmen exist throughout the United States, according to the Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program of St. Louis. It’s very important for seniors and their families to know about ombudsmen.

Although many long-term care facilities treat seniors well, abuse and neglect occur far too often. New Brunswick’s provincial government confirmed 40 allegations of abuse during a period of two years, according to the Winnipeg Free Press. About 32 percent involved abuse or neglect committed by the staff of long-term care facilities. The rest of the complaints related to residents abusing each other. Sadly, dementia can lead to aggressive behavior from time to time. Ombudsmen play a very important role in preventing abuse and ensuring quality care. The State of New Jersey reports that its ombudsman’s office performs over 3,000 complaint investigations annually.

This type of ombudsman may work for a regional government agency or a non-profit organization. Some are appointed by state or provincial governors. Ombudsmen may receive pay or work as volunteers. Salaried ombudsmen typically have greater responsibilities and work more hours. They perform administrative tasks and supervise employees. Some also produce reports or newsletters to inform the public about issues regarding long-term care. Experienced and well-educated individuals oversee volunteer ombudsmen. Depending upon the type and severity of a problem, a volunteer can resolve the issue personally or forward the complaint to another agency.

Ombudsmen need special training to handle complaints competently. The required training varies from one region to another. Some volunteer programs provide free ombudsman training sessions. Salaried positions generally demand much more training and education. For example, the state of West Virginia requires its long-term care ombudsman to hold a master’s degree and possess experience in a relevant field. With significant work experience, a bachelor’s degree is acceptable. The state also applies various restrictions to prevent conflicts of interest. It will not hire an ombudsman who has recently worked in a long-term care facility. It is important to have an ombudsman who understands how such facilities work, but he or she should not prioritize the interests of owners and staff.

Seniors should consider contacting ombudsmen about mistreatment they experience or observe in long-term care facilities. The California Department of Aging urges the public to contact ombudsmen about service quality issues and suspected financial, psychological or physical abuse. It’s also important to report neglect, which can be just as harmful. Ombudsmen usually accept reports from anonymous or named sources. This allows residents and staff members to complain without fear of retribution. In many areas, a toll-free number is available for making complaints. Some of these numbers operate at all times; others remain limited to business or daytime hours. Depending upon the state or province, it may also be possible to email, fax or mail such complaints.

At the same time, an ombudsman isn’t always the best person to contact. Direct communication with the staff of a long-term care facility may yield a solution more quickly. Seniors can also tell visiting friends and relatives about such problems. In some cases, staff members take complaints from non-residents more seriously. The Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services recommends that long-term care residents contact the ombudsman if efforts to communicate with the staff fail to deliver positive results. It also suggests speaking with a doctor about concerns regarding medical treatment in a long-term care facility. This will help determine if the treatment is actually improper or inadequate.

Due to the large volume of complaints, ombudsmen cannot always respond quickly to reports of abuse. A lack of state funding or inadequate staffing can also slow the response to complaints. If a person faces immediate danger, it’s best to contact the police first. When complaints to an ombudsman fail to adequately resolve a serious problem, seniors shouldn’t give up. Government licensing workers and other regulators also accept complaints about problems with long-term care. Another option involves speaking with an attorney. If mistreatment has already caused physical or financial harm, a lawsuit may be warranted.

Like police, ombudsmen also help to prevent abuse. The staff of long-term care homes become less likely to mistreat residents when they know that ombudsmen, government regulators, and relatives are watching over them. Some states require every senior housing facility to post the name and contact information of an ombudsman. Ombudsmen occasionally visit nursing or assisted living homes without receiving complaints. They can ask residents and staff about living conditions in a facility.

Ombudsmen can do much to improve the living conditions of the elderly and ensure that they receive proper care. However, they can only achieve this goal when people are willing to provide information. The Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services urges people to act on concerns as soon as possible, before problems lead to serious harm. When making a complaint, consult the admission agreement; it outlines all of the services that a specific facility is required to supply. It’s also helpful to determine if the facility has failed to follow a specific government regulation. With the help of prompt and detailed complaints, ombudsmen can do their jobs well.

Grand Families: Children Raised by Grandparents

As more grandparents take on the task of raising their grandchildren, the changes in communities brought about by the influence of this unique family structure become more powerful in shaping local and state policies. Many grandmothers and grandfathers don’t think twice about assuming the custody of grandchildren when the need arises, because family ties and familial love initially overcome practical considerations. However, forming a grandfamily — a household in which a grandparent, in the absence of parents, raises grandchildren — has far-reaching effects on lifestyle, economic status, and often quality of life.

The Numbers

The percentage of American grandchildren being raised by one or more grandparents in homes without parents present has risen over the past few decades. Whereas in 1991, U.S. Census Bureau figures show that about 1.7 percent of children in the U.S. lived in such home environments, that number has risen to 2.5 percent in 2009.

In terms of actual numbers, the senior association AARP reports that nearly one million American children are being raised in a grandparent’s household where the parents do not live. Furthermore, AARP points out that of those grandparents who find themselves parenting a second generation, 67 percent are under the age of 60.

The Children

While only a small body of research currently exists regarding the effects on children of being reared by one or both grandparents, some statistics and study results outline this demographic in broad brush strokes. Census statistics show that in 2009, more than half of all children who did not live with their parents lived in a grandparent’s household. Many of these grandfamilies were living below the national poverty level.

In a study from the National Institutes of Health entitled Risk of Psychological Difficulties Among Children Raised by Custodial Grandparents, researchers determined that custodial grandchildren had far more psychological problems than kids raised by one or both parents. In particular, boys raised by grandmothers had more behavioral and social problems.

The researchers concluded that there are two primary reasons for this discrepancy between traditional families and grandfamilies. First, many grandchildren come into the grandparent’s care because of a variety of problematic issues. Their parents may be substance abusers, they may be too young to parent, and some are incarcerated, dead, or ill. Grandchildren may be victims of neglect or abuse prior to moving in with grandparents. They often arrive with pre-existing psychological and behavioral problems.

Secondly, the unexpected pressures and difficulties experienced by grandparents who are unprepared to resume child-rearing lifestyles can detract from a grandchild’s psychological well-being. Irritability, anxiety, and feelings of guilt not only negatively affect a custodian’s parenting skills, but can transfer from grandparent to grandchild.

Economic Issues

The serious economic concerns that arise when a one or two person household suddenly expands can be crippling to the family’s well-being. For grandparents who are still in the workforce, taking on childcare expenses in addition to feeding, clothing and educating a grandchild, even if the parent is able to contribute financially, is an unexpected expense that may prove overwhelming.

Grandparents who have already retired when grandchildren move in are at an even greater economic disadvantage, since their fixed incomes are most likely insufficient to support more than themselves. If they are lucky and healthy, grandparents may be able to re-enter the workforce, or postpone retirement longer. However, many grandparent-headed households require assistance when they acquire custodial grandchildren.

AARP provides a comprehensive source of state-by-state fact sheets that provide custodial grandparents with information on state and local resources, financial and educational assistance, and other regional resources available.

New Accommodations for Grandfamilies

The availability of grandfamily resources reflects the increasing prevalence of these family units. In the same vein, some U.S. cities are leading the country in accommodating the unique needs of grandparent/grandchildren cohabitation.

The Bronx in New York and Kansas City, MO are just two urban centers where changes acknowledge the growing prevalence of grandfamilies. Kansas City’s Pemberton Park is a unique new apartment complex designed for retirees raising grandchildren. The wheel-chair accessible, multi-bedroom units with open floor plans have bathrooms equipped with senior-focused safety features.

However, the location of the complex reflects its multi-generational design. Pemberton Park is strategically positioned within walking distance of both a Head Start classroom and a health care clinic. Unlike other senior housing, Pemberton Park has a playground. Both students and grandparents can use the complex’s computer room. This emergent trend in grandfamily housing presents solutions to some of the challenges of multi-generational living.

Elsewhere in the U.S., grandfamily support groups are being established throughout the country where members can network, share their parenting experiences and provide mutual, grassroots support.

University extension programs, such as Montana State University’s Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Project, offer education and activities that help grandfamilies build strong family ties.

Legal Paperwork Grandparents Should Have

Some things about parenting come naturally while others may require a refresher course. Grandparents taking on the role of parents should have the following documents rounded up in one place for easy access as needed:

• Grandchildren’s birth certificates
• Their parent’s death certificate, if applicable
• Grandchildren’s social security cards/numbers
• Medical/immunization records
• Dental records
• Grandparent’s Power of Attorney, custody or guardianship documents
• Consent letters from parents for obtaining medical care
• School report cards and/or records
• Proof of child support and assets for grandchildren
• Citizenship verification, if applicable

Grandparents who establish contact and maintain relationships with grandchildren’s teachers, pediatricians, and social workers are best positioned to identify any difficulties the children may be having early on, when problems are easiest to address. These professionals also constitute a source of information and support for grandfamilies that can prove invaluable as grandparents and their grandchildren nurture new family bonds.

Video surveillance systems are quickly becoming an affordable and efficient way to ensure vulnerable seniors stay safe when in the care of others, whether it is an in-home caretaker, nursing home, hospital or other type of managed care facility. A granny cam can also provide a clear picture of how an elderly person is getting along on their own, or it can capture mistreatment.

Most experts estimate between 1 million and 2 million elderly Americans have experienced abuse or neglect. However, the Senate Special Committee on Aging believes the number of victims may actually be closer to 5 million, which means five additional cases may exist for every one reported. According to the National Center on Elder Abuse, physicians and other healthcare professionals are involved in 21.6 percent of reported cases, while family members are the perpetrators nearly 15 percent of the time and service providers are involved 9.4 percent of the time.

People suffering from dementia, as well as women and those with physical disabilities, are the most likely victims of caregiver abuse and neglect. Depression, lack of a social support system, verbal or physical aggression, substance abuse as well as fear of institutionalization and loss of independence are just a few of the numerous barriers that prevent the reporting of elder abuse.

As technology improves, many families are turning to granny cams as a way to prove their suspicions. According to a report on theWBAL evening news in Baltimore, Jaki Taylor used a granny cam to capture images of an in-home caregiver repeatedly abusing her father, a stroke victim. In New York, 22 nursing home healthcare workers were arrested after authorities used hidden cameras to prove mistreatment was taking place.

Since only Maryland, Texas and New Mexico have enacted laws that allow nursing home residents to have video surveillance equipment in their private rooms, the use of granny cams to prove suspected abuse of vulnerable adults is largely a moral issue. The largest criticism concerns privacy, both for the caregivers as well as for the elderly residents. Opponents also claim insurance costs will rise, and hiring qualified caregivers, who are already in short supply, will become even more difficult. The long-term care industry has spent considerable effort and funding to fight legislative measures to legalize surveillance cameras.

Granny cams can also enable elderly relatives to continue living independently in their own homes. The latest technological innovations affordably transform any house into a smart home that actively or passively monitors the occupant’s activities. However, some of the most sensitive rooms, such as the bathroom and bedroom, are among the most likely places for an accident to occur. This may present some unique ethical problems that can be solved by pointing a camera at the floor or providing blind recording spots within the room.

Active surveillance systems require participation, such as fall detection devices that involve pushing a help button. Passive systems, such as motion detectors, seamlessly operate in the background. Equipment also comes with a variety of viewing options, including photos, videos, color, black and white and infrared night recording. Fixed cameras and those that scan the room using a remote control are also available.

Surveillance companies, such as Eye Spy Pro, sell a vast assortment of ordinary objects that contain concealed cameras, including iPod docks, air purifiers, smoke detectors and tissue boxes. Most require a video cable and monitoring software that feeds images to a computer or television. Others work with a Secure IP Internet to enable online viewing in real time via a wireless access point.

The most cost efficient option is a wired camera. Because this version requires electricity, it is often hidden in an everyday item that also requires an outlet, such as an alarm clock or table lamp. A higher-end wireless camera runs on batteries, although not for long. The broadcast range can vary greatly, typically from 700 feet to 3,000 feet, and other devices running at the same GHz frequency can cause interference.

The newest product on the market, an SD Card DVR camera, is completely self-contained. This device utilizes an internal recorder to capture the video, which is stored to a removable SD card for viewing on a computer or television. Some models are equipped with a keychain remote that can activate the system.

While motion detectors can be incorporated into surveillance camera systems, the latest technology converts motion detectors into their own monitoring systems. Secured to the refrigerator or attached to pill bottles, these tiny sensors can ensure meals are eaten and medications are taken. Sensors can also be placed on doors, windows, cars, bath mats, bedside tables and any other place that receives frequent or unwanted attention. Although sensors are relatively inexpensive, the monitoring services that analyze daily activities for patterns are expensive. Yet this can provide the least intrusive option for monitoring an independent elderly relative.

Personal tracking devices can also offer peace of mind where cameras cannot penetrate. A GPS, for example, is a great tool for families concerned about an elderly relative who still has access to a car. Using phone mapping and the Internet, it is easy to track when and where a car is driven. As the technology for surveillance equipment grows, granny cams are combining several features into a single product, such as adding a motion detector, internal DVR and remote Internet viewing to a wireless camera. Some systems can even be accessed with smartphones and tablets.

Despite the current controversy, granny cams just may change the future of how older adults live out their elderly years. The installation of surveillance equipment is primarily an issue of suspicions, and because this strategy is an invasion of privacy and dignity, it should be used as a last resort to confirm those suspicions and gather evidence.

Further Reading and Resources:

• To Watch or Not to Watch? Elder Web
• Securing the Elderly Body: Dementia, Surveillance, and the Politics of “Aging in Place”
• How at Risk for Abuse are People with Dementia? UC Irvine Center of Excellence on Elder Abuse and Neglect
• National Committee for the Prevention of Elder Abuse

Health organizations, doctors and other medical professionals advise millions of patients every year regarding cholesterol. News reports and nutrition experts offer a wealth of recommendations for managing cholesterol through diet and exercise. Good cholesterol, bad cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, trans fat, saturated fats; these are the buzzwords most often heard, but not always understood.

Cholesterol Basics

The human body naturally produces cholesterol in the liver, as well as other body cells. This waxy fat helps transport important proteins, known as lipoproteins, during the production of certain hormones and other compounds. Cholesterol comes primarily in two forms, low-density and high-density, although a third type of cholesterol does circulate in the bloodstream.

Low-density lipoprotein, abbreviated as LDL, is the so-called bad cholesterol. LDL is the cholesterol best known for clogging arteries and contributing to heart problems. When too much is present, it sticks to artery walls and forms a plague.  Alternatively, high-density lipoprotein, better known as HDL, is the good cholesterol. HDL helps to police LDL by facilitating its movement through the body and preventing LDL from sticking to artery walls.

The body needs a proper balance between HDL and LDL to function properly, typically under 100mg/L for LDL and over 40mg/L for HDL, depending on gender. Too much LDL or not enough HDL cholesterol results in plague build up and more strain on the heart and circulatory systems. According to the American Heart Association, an HDL level under 40-50mg/L, depending on gender, increases the chances that an individual will develop heart disease.  On the other hand, not enough LDL or too much HDL inhibits the body’s ability to transport the lipoproteins a body needs.

Research further identified another type of cholesterol, known as lipoprotein (a) or Lp(a). Lp(a) is a genetic type of low-density lipoprotein. Scientists do not fully understand the purpose or function of Lp(a), although some suggest it helps coagulation in certain situations. Low Lp(a) levels do not, according to research, create any health risk. However, high Lp(a) levels have been linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease and similar health problems.

But What About Triglycerides?

Although not a type of cholesterol, triglycerides are commonly associated with cholesterol. In fact, medical professionals typically test both cholesterol and triglyceride levels simultaneously. Triglycerides are another type of fat, or lipid, produced by the body. Unlike cholesterol, the purpose of triglycerides is to store anything the body takes in that it does not currently need.

For example, if a person takes in carbohydrates that are not immediately needed, the body produces triglycerides to store the surplus for later use. Generally, unhealthy cholesterol levels go hand-in-hand with unhealthy triglyceride levels. The same conditions and choices that raise cholesterol also raise triglycerides. Likewise, the treatment recommendations and lifestyle changes for high cholesterol also work for high triglycerides.

Dietary Factors and Cholesterol

The body produces as much as 75 percent of the cholesterol circulating in the blood stream at any given time. The remaining 25 percent is the result of an individual’s dietary choices. Without added fats from dietary intake, the body has the capacity to produce enough cholesterol to effectively transport all of the lipoproteins needed. However, certain inherited genetic traits cause some individuals to produce more cholesterol than required, regardless of dietary factors.

The primary culprit responsible for increased cholesterol is the intake of certain types of dietary fat. Nearly every food consumed by people has some amount of fat, even vegetables like lettuce or carrots. Not all dietary fats are bad, however. Primarily, unsaturated fats are good for the body, whereas saturated fats and trans fatty acids are bad.

Saturated, Unsaturated and Trans Fats

Unsaturated fats, such as those found in certain types of nuts, seeds and olive oil, have numerous beneficial effects on the body. These types of fat help to ease inflammation, keep heart rhythms in check, and even help lower bad cholesterol levels. When making dietary choices, unsaturated fats are the optimal choice, giving the body beneficial fats without increasing cholesterol levels.

Saturated fats occur naturally in most animal products. Saturated fats raise total cholesterol, including both good and bad forms, and therefore, should be eaten in moderation. Trans fats, such as found in hydrogenated vegetable oil and most convenience foods, are the worst in terms of cholesterol. These fats not only raise LDL cholesterol, but simultaneously lower HDL. Additionally, trans fats aggravate inflammation, contributing to numerous immune-related health conditions.

The Harvard School for Public Health (HSPH) has extensively researched dietary habits and their effect on cholesterol. The HSPH website offers helpful advice, as well as some staggering figures regarding diet, cholesterol and fats.  Likewise, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offers tips and suggestions specifically for women regarding diet and cholesterol.

Exercise, Smoking and other Lifestyle Factors

In addition to diet, other lifestyle choices affect cholesterol levels. Smoking, drinking alcohol and an individual’s activity level all have a profound impact on cholesterol and associated health concerns. For example, studies link cigarette smokers with lower HDL cholesterol levels compared to the HDL levels of non-smokers. Female cigarette smokers showed a more significant drop in HDL levels than male smokers.

Numerous reports also expound the benefits of drinking a glass of wine or beer a day to raise HDL cholesterol and lower the risk of heart disease. However, the American Heart Association and other organizations do not recommend using alcohol as a means to control cholesterol, due to the risk of stroke, liver cirrhosis, and other health problems caused by moderate to heavy consumption of alcohol. In the case of light alcohol consumption, healthcare providers offer mixed recommendations regarding its use, since there are positives and negatives involved.

Exercise and physical activity are, however, always recommended for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. Experts suggest that part of the benefit of exercise lies in maintaining a healthy weight, since obesity is directly linked to high LDL and triglyceride levels. Additionally, exercise releases certain chemicals in the body that help facilitate the expulsion of excess LDL cholesterol particles. Combined with dietary changes, exercise is one of the most commonly recommended options for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.

Getting older can often mean giving up one’s independence, but new options for senior care are changing that reality. Monitoring systems can now allow senior citizens to remain independent and socially connected to family and friends without the usual concerns about health and safety that often arise from living alone.

• The expense and trauma of moving to long-term care make it unattractive for many seniors who require only a low level of care.
• Independence and social connectedness are important factors affecting the long-term health of seniors, and can affect health outcomes after surgery or other medical treatments.
• Many seniors need help remembering when to take medications, but don’t require the kind of skilled medical facility that nursing homes and assisted living facilities provide.
• There are times when elderly spouses may not be best equipped to monitor one another’s medical needs, but there are many other reasons why the two should continue living together in their own home.
• Although systems such as LifeAlert have for decades given seniors an option for independent living by providing an alert system, they can only help if the patient is conscious and able to call for help when it’s needed.
• Families who live far away may find it difficult to rest easy without regular updates, but constant contact is often impractical.
• Living alone can be dangerous for seniors with medical conditions that could endanger their safety, but electronic monitoring can provide a safety net.

How it works:

• Motion detectors are installed throughout the home, and the data is tracked online.
• Family members are given access to the system, and can see when the medicine cabinet door was opened, for instance, or simply verify that their loved one is up and moving about the house.
• Medication reminders can alert patients when medication times are upcoming, and the online system will notify family members in case of a missed dose.

There are privacy concerns for most families when choosing to use such monitoring systems, but the trade-offs can be huge. The financial and economic costs of moving to long-term care can have lasting negative effects, and families must undertake the decision carefully. There are many cases where electronic monitoring would provide an effective alternative that supports both independence and safety.

Pets are not just cute and cuddly creatures. They are sometimes known to be quite the little miracle workers, too. While there are many known health benefits to spending time with dogs and cats, the impact of pet ownership for seniors goes even further.

1. Pets offer the prospect of a relationship with individuals who are too often starved for companionship. One of the hardest things about getting older is losing the people who have shaped and touched our lives in meaningful ways. Entering new relationships with humans is often difficult, but pets have a way of breaking through our defenses and connecting with us, even when we’d rather shut down.
2. They won’t judge you when you’re having an “off” day or complain about their stressful lives. This is not to say pets aren’t needy. Many dogs and cats need exercise, but healthy seniors can easily take the dog for a walk or play a round of fetch. The beauty of pet ownership is the unconditional love they offer.
3. They listen and provide support without psychoanalytics, and they offer comfort through the basis sense of touch. Everyone needs a listening ear sometimes, but many seniors keep too much to themselves. Whether this is out of fear that others will minimize their problems or swing completely the other direction and overreact, supplementing human listeners with comforting animals is known to relieve stress.
4. Pets can give seniors a sense of purpose, which is especially helpful when one’s usefulness is other areas of life is thrown into question. Self-esteem is a vital part of mental health and wellness. Having someone else to take care of gives us a sense of duty. When we are responsible to others, we belong not only to ourselves anymore. Having obligations gives us purpose in life, which translates into better self-esteem. At its best, pet ownership can affect geriatric depression.
5. Dogs especially are known for their innate ability to show concern for their humans. The lives of many seniors can be filled with concerned people, but humans aren’t always adept at showing it in palatable ways. When pets show their concern, the feeling is more genuine, and often less threatening.
6. Many dogs and even some cats can alert their owners when medical or environmental emergencies are imminent. While having a pet is not the same thing as using an assistance animal, many animals require no training at all to be tuned into the warning signs most humans can’t sense.

Senior care can be greatly enhanced when pets are in the equation. Find more information on pets and seniors here.

Getting older comes with its ups and downs. For some people, life after 65 represents the golden years, but for many, those years are filled with aches and pains, unexplained symptoms, and a plethora of doctor visits that can make life itself a real drag. While there are many options for senior care, one of the best ways to feel better is also the simplest: laughter.

• As we age, we often lose touch with the people that enriched our lives the most when we were younger. Friends move away for retirement or have medical problems of their own that can make it harder to stay in touch. Just as friendships and community participation are important parts of growing up, they are also essential for us as we grow old.
• Loss of a spouse or partner can be devastating in our later years because we’ve spent so much of our lives with that cherished other, and no one can replace the vacuum left in the wake of their death. It’s important to remember, though, that life does indeed go on, and if we want to live happy, healthy lives, we must find ways to reconnect with others.
• Many retirement communities and assisted living facilities emphasize community participation because of its beneficial health effects, but getting involved can be hard at first. Try focusing on activities you’ve always enjoyed, and look for others with similar interests. You’re bound to meet someone who can make you smile.
• Churches and community groups frequently offer activities designed for seniors that can help you make new friends while enjoying an afternoon or evening out. Most of these events are free or very inexpensive, and many times transportation will be provided.
• If you tend to take things too seriously, you may need reminding that life isn’t supposed to be a constant struggle. It’s not too late to start letting the little things go, and look for opportunities to make light of silly situations.
• Going out to a comedy club or watching stand-up comics on television are good ways to enjoy a good laugh, but it doesn’t have to end there. You can also read comics and online funny papers to get your daily dose of chuckles.
• The people you have around you can easily influence your outlook and attitudes. If you have negative friends, family members, or caretakers, they could be harming your health. Look for ways to connect with people who have a slightly skewed – even ridiculous – take on things. They will bring you more joy and help you take things less seriously.

Many seniors feel they have little control over their circumstances, but simply changing your focus can bring welcome relief. Try reminding yourself every day of the importance of laughter, and you may even be able to affect change in those around you.